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Source: Public Health Image Library, Center for Disease Control, Dr. Joseph McDade 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(1)https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/79284644_2571971652923570_925404571403026432_n-1.png79284644_2571971652923570_925404571403026432_n (1)https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/78909573_742125879604916_7309354173886103552_n.jpg78909573_742125879604916_7309354173886103552_nhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/capture-de28099c3a9cran-le-2019-11-15-c3a0-21.54.39-1.pngCapture d’écran, le 2019-11-15 à 21.54.39https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/74886477_2556594247896047_6910808159737085952_n-1.png74886477_2556594247896047_6910808159737085952_nhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/capture-de28099c3a9cran-le-2019-11-15-c3a0-21.54.07-1.pngCapture d’écran, le 2019-11-15 à 21.54.07https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/capture-de28099c3a9cran-le-2019-11-15-c3a0-21.54.39.pngCapture d’écran, le 2019-11-15 à 21.54.39https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/74886477_2556594247896047_6910808159737085952_n.png74886477_2556594247896047_6910808159737085952_nhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/capture-de28099c3a9cran-le-2019-11-15-c3a0-21.54.07.pngCapture d’écran, le 2019-11-15 à 21.54.072019-12-09T21:03:57+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2019/12/06/rediscovering-phage-therapy/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/figure-3-updated.pngFigure 3 updatedhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/figure-2-updated.pngFigure 2 updatedhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/figure-1-updated.pngFigure 1 updatedhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/figure-3-no-caption.pngFigure 3 no captionhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/figure-4-no-caption.pngFigure 4 no captionhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/figure-2-no-caption.pngFigure 2 no captionhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/figure-1-no-caption.pngFigure 1 no caption2019-12-06T19:05:47+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2019/11/21/haemophilus-parasuis/2019-12-06T01:54:46+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2019/12/06/chlamydia-pneumoniae/2019-12-06T01:45:45+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2019/11/22/increasing-antibiotic-effectiveness-against-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-a-multidrug-resistant-pathogen-using-a-compound-isolated-from-tea-leaves/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/figure-3-1.jpgFigure 3https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/figure-2-1.jpgFigure 2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/figure-1-1.jpgfigure 1https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/figure-3.jpgFigure 3https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/figure-2.jpgFigure 2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/figure-1.jpgfigure 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PMhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/blog-post-transmission-diagram-2.pngBlog Post - Transmission Diagram 22019-11-27T21:20:15+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/20/bordetella-bronchiseptica/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-3-blog-post.pngFigure 3 blog posthttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-2-blog-post.pngFigure 2 blog posthttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-1-blog-post.pngFigure 1 blog post2017-12-20T02:23:46+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/20/treponema-pallidum/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure22.jpgfigure2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure12.jpgfigure12017-12-20T02:21:23+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/20/yersinia-pestis/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-27-e1513735836234.jpgFigure 2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-16.jpgFigure 12017-12-20T02:20:37+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/20/acinetobacter-baumannii/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/biofilm.pngbiofilmhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure13.jpgfigure12017-12-20T02:08:34+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/20/proteus-mirabilis/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure23.jpgFigure2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure13.pngFigure12017-12-20T02:00:32+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/11/20/neorickettsia-sennetsu/2017-12-20T01:53:33+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/20/escherichia-coli-outbreak-in-europe-may-june-2011/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure3_blog_post.jpgFigure3_Blog_Posthttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure2_blog_post.jpgFigure2_Blog_Posthttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure1_blog_post.jpgFigure1_Blog_Post2017-12-20T01:43:53+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/20/staphylococcus-saprophyticus/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-31.pngFigure 3https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-15.jpgFigure 12017-12-20T01:36:42+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/20/brucella-canis/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-26-e1513733184147.jpgFigure 2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-14.jpgFigure 12017-12-20T01:29:26+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/20/2014-plague-outbreak-in-madagascar/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-1-0.jpegFigure 1.0https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/plaguefigure-3.pngPlagueFigure 3https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/plague_figure-2.jpgPlague_Figure 2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/plague_figure-1.jpgPlague_Figure 12017-12-20T01:22:28+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/20/actinobacillus-pleuropneumoniae/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-2new.pngFigure 2newhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-13.pngFigure 12017-12-20T01:16:35+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/20/listeria-monocytogenes-british-columbia-2002/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-31.jpgfigure 3https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-25-e1513732249564.jpgfigure 2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-14.pngfigure 12017-12-20T01:13:38+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/19/bordetella-pertussis/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-3.jpgFigure 3https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-24.jpgFigure 2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-13.jpgFigure 12017-12-19T13:21:26+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/19/porphyromonas-gingivalis/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure2b.pngfigure2bhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure2a.pngfigure2ahttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure12.pngfigure12018-01-27T22:58:31+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/19/burkholderia-pseudomallei/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/fig2new-e1513688650619.jpgFig2newhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure1new.pngfigure1new2017-12-19T13:07:42+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/18/klebsiella-pneumoniae/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-21.pngFigure 2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-12.jpgFigure 12017-12-18T23:53:03+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/18/pasteurella-multocida/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-12.pngFigure 1https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/revisedfigure2.jpgRevisedFigure22017-12-18T17:41:21+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/18/anaplasma-phagocytophilum/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure21.jpgfigure2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure11.jpgfigure12017-12-18T15:57:25+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/18/haemophilus-influenzae/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-3.pngFigure 3https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-2.pngFigure 2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-11.pngFigure 12017-12-18T15:50:06+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/18/vibrio-parahaemolyticus/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-23-e1513611552174.jpgFigure-2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/fig1png.pngFig1png2017-12-18T15:42:53+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/18/campylobacter-jejuni/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-22-e1513610998354.jpgFigure 2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure11.pngFigure12017-12-18T15:32:32+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/15/yersinia-enterocolitica/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure1_jpeg.jpgFigure1_jpeghttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure2_jpeg.jpgFigure2_jpeg2017-12-15T20:52:48+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/15/the-2017-campylobacter-outbreak-across-the-united-states/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-21.jpgFigure 2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-2-updated.jpgFigure 2 - updatedhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-11.jpgFigure 12017-12-15T20:18:18+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/15/coxiella-burnetii/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/c-burnetii-virulence-factor-e1513365221781.jpgC. burnetii virulence factorhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-2.jpgFigure 2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-1.jpgFigure 12017-12-15T19:14:47+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/13/corynebacterium-pseudotuberculosis/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure2.pngFigure2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/crexhoucc82les_froumaedjreces_berbis1.jpgCrexhoûles_froumaedjreces_berbis1https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure1.pngFigure12017-12-13T18:12:28+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/11/rickettsia-rickettsii/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-2-revised.jpgFigure 2 Revisedhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-1.pngFigure 12017-12-11T21:17:53+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/11/20/shigella-dysenteriae/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/figure-3-elizabeth-siciliani-e1513026513369.jpgFigure 3 (Elizabeth Siciliani)https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/figure-2-s-dysenteriae-elizabeth-siciliani.pngFigure 2 - S. dysenteriae (Elizabeth Siciliani)https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/figure-2-elizabeth-siciliani.pngFigure 2 (Elizabeth Siciliani)https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/figure-1-elizabeth-siciliani.jpgFigure 1 (Elizabeth Siciliani)2017-12-11T21:09:26+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/08/pseudomonas-aeruginosa/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/efflux-pump-2-0_fix_jpeg.jpgEfflux Pump 2.0_Fix_jpeghttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure-1-p-aeruginosa.jpgFigure 1 p. aeruginosa2017-12-08T21:20:17+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2017/12/08/2016-mississippi-federal-prison-outbreak-of-botulism/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure3-e1512746567370.jpgFigure3https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure2.jpgFigure2https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/figure1.jpgFigure12017-12-08T15:23:27+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/12/02/neisseria-gonorrhoeae/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/fig-4.jpgFig 4Figure 4: Antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae by gene shuffling. The white boxes represent the conserved regions of pilE and pilS. The variable sequences (mc1-mc6) are represented by the yellow boxes for pilS and the pink boxes for pilE. Sma/Cla is DNA sequence that is involved in pilin recombination.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/fig-3.jpgFig 3Figure 3: Microscopic image the presence of intracellular Neisseria gonorrhoeae amongst numerous white blood cells (WBCs) known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or PMNs. N. Gonorrhoeae cells are pink diplococcal. Source: Public Health Image Library, Center for Disease Control. Dr. Bill Schwartz (1971).https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/fig-2.jpgFig 2Fig2: This illustration depicts Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a cervical smear using the Gram-stain technique.. N. gonorrhoeae appears as typical intracellular (pink) diplococcic. Source: Public Health Image Library, Center for Disease Control. Dr. Joe Miller (1975)https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/fig-1.jpgFig 1Fig1: This illustration depicts a urethral exudate containing Neisseria gonorrhoeae from a patient with gonococcal urethritis. N. gonorrhoeae appears as typical intracellular (pink) diplococcic. Source: Public Health Image Library, Center for Disease Control. Dr. Norman Jacobs (1974).2015-12-02T17:45:52+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/12/02/injectional-anthrax/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/casestudy.pngCaseStudyhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/figure5.jpgFIGURE5Figure 5: This is your brain on anthrax: this poor soul suffered from hemorrhagic meningitis as a result of inhalation of the spores. Note the blackened outside of the brain, resulting from the anthrax-laden blood. (Source: CDC 1966 ID#1121)https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/figure3.pngFigure3Figure 3: Anthrax releases its exotoxins (Fig 3.), the lethal factor and the edema factor, into the body. The protective antigen basically acts as a kind of Trojan horse, sitting on the surface of your body’s cells and smuggling them in to where they can do their damage. Edema factor makes the cell swell with water, while the lethal factor (again, scientists with their creative naming tactics) kills the cell by rupturing its membrane through a process called lysis. Similarly to how you don’t do too well when overfull or full of holes, neither do your cells, which is what makes anthrax such a dangerous player [2]. (Image by C. Mastromonaco).https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/figure4.jpgFIGURE4Figure 4: This beautiful, color coded graph breaks down the timing and geography so that we don’t have to! You can see the two different clusters of disease presentation, and the different countries that were affected [6]. (Source: Eurosurveilance)https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/figure2.jpgFIGURE2Figure 2: Gram-positive bacteria look purple under the microscope after they’ve been exposed to a series of dyes called a Gram Stain. A component in their cell wall binds to the violet dye, which in addition to making sure that they’re pretty for the Pathogen Ball, is the first step in helping you to identify these bacteria in a lab. (Source: CDC ID#2226)https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/figure1.jpgFIGURE1Figure 1: Scientists are super creative! The word “anthrax” comes from the Greek word anthrakites, meaning “coal-like.” This is a tribute to the characteristic black scab that accompanies disease exposure, seen above. (Source 1: CDC 1962 ID#2033)https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/morg9.pngMorg9https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/morg8.pngMorg8https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/morg7.pngMorg7https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/morg6.pngMorg62015-12-02T15:37:41+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/12/01/vibrio-cholerae/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/20151126_220559-1.jpg20151126_220559-1Figure 2: Steps required for V. cholerae to establish disease in the human host and transmit to others.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/untitled1.pngUntitledFigure 1: Schematic illustration of events that take place upon binding of cholera toxin to epithelial cells of the intestine. Source: http://www.sharinginhealth.ca/pathogens/bacteria/vibrio_cholerae.html, David La Pierre2015-12-01T21:20:17+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/12/01/current-issues-regarding-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/figure-31.pngFigure 3Figure 3: Progressive multidrug resistance at a population level.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/figure-2.pngFigure 2Figure 2: Acquisition of antibiotic resistance at cellular level.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure-12.pngFigure 1Figure 1: MRSA frequency within all S. aureus cases over the course of 40 years. Adapted from George Winter, Nursing Standard London, 2005.2015-12-01T21:13:31+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/12/01/chlamydophila-psittaci/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/fig2.pngfig2Figure 2 - Photographs depict a healthy cockatiel (left) versus one infected with Chlamydophila psittaci (right). Photos taken by Olivia Saray. https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/fig1.pngfig1Figure 1 - Chlamydophila psittaci bacterium. Source: http://www.public-domain-image.com/free-images/science/microscopy-images/psittacosis-chlamydia-psittaci/stained-mouse-brain-impression-smear-reveals-the-presence-of-the-bacterium-chlamydophila-psittaci/attachment/stained-mouse-brain-impression-smear-reveals-the-presence-of-the-bacterium-chlamydophila-psittaci. 2015-12-01T21:08:59+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/12/01/capnocytophaga-canimorsus/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/figure-3.pngFigure 3Figure 3. Beta lactamase prevents antibiotics from working. Beta lactamase inhibitors allows antibiotics to work. * The specific molecule is still unknown.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure-21.pngFigure 2Figure 2: C.canimorsus cleaves the sialic acid on the glycan chains to feed on them.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure-11.pngFigure 1Figure 1 Mode of transmission: the presence of dogs or cats with C. canimorsus living in their mouth would bite or lick someone. This would allow the bacteria to make its way into the human causing the symptoms mentioned previously.2015-12-01T20:13:41+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/12/01/borrelia-burgdorferi/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/untitled31.pngUntitled3Figure 3. Protection against antibody binding and killing by SALP15 bound to OspC. https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/screen-shot-2015-11-24-at-12-19-10-am.pngScreen Shot 2015-11-24 at 12.19.10 AMFigure 2. Illustration of the immune response ultimately leading to increased inflammation and subsequent disease.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/grouping-of-gram-negative-anaerobic-borrelia-burgdorferi-bacteria.jpgGrouping of gram negative anaerobic borrelia burgdorferi bacteriFigure 1. Visual representation of the Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi. Carr, J. H., Molins, C. . (2015). Borrelia burgdorferi. Public Domain Images. Retrieved Sunday November 22, 2015, from http://www.public-domain-image.com/free-images/science/microscopy-images/borrelia-burgdorferi/grouping-of-gram-negative-anaerobic-borrelia-burgdorferi-bacteria/attachment/grouping-of-gram-negative-anaerobic-borrelia-burgdorferi-bacteria.2015-12-01T20:03:42+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/12/01/streptococcus-suis/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/untitled3.pngUntitled3Figure 3. Detection of encapsulation of S. suis strains by LRR staining and transmission electron microscopy. S. suis 2 S 10 shows a thick capsule, whereas no capsular material can be seen in isogenic mutant strain S. suis 2 10ΔcpsEF. (Source: Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Marjolein Meijerink, Maria Laura Ferrando, Geraldine Lammers, Nico Taverne, Hilde E. Smith, Jerry M. Wells (2012). Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035849)https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/untitled2.pngUntitled2Figure 2: Strategies of infection and damage caused by S. suis (Figure drawn by Karissa Tabtieng).https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/untitled.pngUntitledFigure 1. Scanning Electron Microscopy of S. suis in a Sheet of Mucus on the Surface of the Nasopharyngeal Epithelium from a Pig. (Source: Department of Infectious Diseases, Dr. Shiranee Sriskandan (2006). Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030187)2015-12-01T19:19:53+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/12/01/mycobacterium-tuberculosis/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/untitled22.pngUntitled2Figure 2: Estimated prevalence of tuberculosis per 100,000 people per country in 2007. Developing countries in Africa and Asia have the highest incident rates (shown in yellow), while countries in North America, parts of Europe, Australia and New Zealand have the lowest incident rates (shown in blue). Source: Wikimedia Commons, Eubulides (2009).https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/untitled4.pngUntitledFigure 1: Chest x-ray of a person with pulmonary tuberculosis. Areas of the lungs (black) that are infected by M. tuberculosis appear as white haze (circled in red). Source: Public Health Image Library, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1972).2015-12-01T19:14:15+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/12/01/neisseria-meningitidis/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/untitled21.pngUntitled2Figure 2: Computer generated image of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its numerous type IV pili (tfp). The pili expressed by N. gonorrheae are identical to those expressed by N. meningitidis. Source: Public Health Image Library, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, James Archer (2013).https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/untitled.pngUntitledFigure 1: Schematic representation of the passage of Neisseria meningitidis through the epithelial layer. Source: “Surface adhesion and host response as pathogenicity factors of Neisseria meningitidis” by Jose Uberos, et al. (2015), World Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 5(2): 37-43.2015-12-01T19:08:11+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/12/01/chlamydia-trachomatis/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/screen-shot-2015-11-23-at-10-15-56-pm.jpgScreen Shot 2015-11-23 at 10.15.56 PMFigure 2: Elementary bodies inhibit the fusion of the lysosome to the phagosome, preventing the completion of phagocytosis and therefore the degradation of C. trachomatis (Source: Mariepièr Glaude).https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/nci-vol-2331-150.jpgnci-vol-2331-150Figure 1: Human pap smear showing cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis at 500x magnification, stained with haematoxylin and eosin (Photo source: PLOS Pathogens).2015-12-01T19:03:13+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/12/01/bacillus-anthracis/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/final-figure-2.pngfinal figure 2Figure 2: The secretion of inactive molecules by B. anthracis lead to the production of toxins. The binding of LF and EF alone do not create a toxin. The binding of LF and PA create an active lethal toxin, and the binding of PA and EF create an edema toxin. PA bound with both LF and EF have lethal and edema effects.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/b-anthracis-spores.pngB. anthracis sporesFigure 1: Image of Bacillus anthracis spores as seen under a microscope using phase contrast. Phase contrast shows endospores as bright white spots where the bacteria is dormant. Source: Public Health Image Library, Center for Disease Control, Larry Stauffer, Oregon State Public Health Laboratory (2002)2015-12-01T18:57:22+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/12/01/mycobacterium-leprae/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure-1-m-leprae-cells.pngFigure 1 M leprae cellsFigure 1: A biopsy from the skin lesion of a patient infected with M. leprae. Here, the bacteria are stained red. (Source: http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020341)https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure-2-schwann-cell.pngFigure 2 Schwann cellFigure 2: The attachment site of M. leprae on Schwann cells (Figure by Emilie Yeh).2015-12-01T18:51:36+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/12/01/clostridium-botulinum/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/figure-3.jpgFigure 3Figure 3: The inhibition of acetylcholine release in the synapse due to the action of botulinum toxin 1. Engulfment of the BoNT into the nerve cell 2. Translocation of the light chain out of the vesicle 3. Cleavage of SNARE proteins via the light chain 4. Inhibition of the fusion of acetylcholine-containing vesicles to the cell membrane.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure-2.jpgFigure 2Figure 2: Release of acetylcholine in the synapse. 1. SNARE proteins bringing synaptic vesicles to the cell membrane 2. Fusion of the vesicle and the membrane 3. Release of acetylcholine in the synapse, free to bind receptors on the surface of muscle cells.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure-12.jpgFigure 1Figure 1: Microscopic view of gentian violet-stained Clostridium botulinum and their spores. Source: Public Health Image Library, Center for Disease Control (1979).2015-12-01T18:45:09+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/11/27/the-outbreak-of-tuberculosis-in-united-states-during-2002-to-2008/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/untitled3.pngUntitled3Figure 3: Characteristics of source case-patients for 26 investigated tuberculosis outbreaks, United States, 2002–2011. Source: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/3/14-1475-t1https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/untitled2.pngUntitled2Figure 2: Characteristics of source case-patients for 26 investigated tuberculosis outbreaks, United States, 2002–2011. Source: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/3/14-1475-t1.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/untitled1.pngUntitled1Figure 1: How TB Spreads. Source: http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm. 2015-11-27T20:23:05+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/11/27/francisella-tularensis/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure22.pngFigure2Figure 2: Ulcer formation at the site of infection by F. tularensis. Source: CDC Public Health Image Library (ID #2037). https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure12.pngFigure1Figure 1: Diagram of the evolution of the 3 subspecies holartica, mediasiatica and tularensis (enclosed in light red) of F.tularensis (enclosed in dark red). Adapted from: Birdsell DN, et al. TaqMan Real-Time PCR Assays for Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Which Identify Francisella tularensis and Its Subspecies and Subpopulations. PLoS ONE 2014, 9(9):e107964. 2015-11-27T20:06:41+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/11/27/listeria-monocytogenes/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure-2-now.pngfigure 2 nowFigure 2: How Listeria monocytogenes uses virulence factors to avoids the host’s immune system while infecting new cells. LLO: Listeriolysin O, PLA: phospholipase A, PLB: phospholipase B, PLC: phospholipase C.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure-1.pngfigure 1Figure 1: Electron micrograph of a Listeria monocytogenes bacterium in tissue. Source: Public Health Image Library, Center for Disease Control, Dr. Balasubr Swaminathan and Peggy Hayes (2002).2015-11-27T19:59:44+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/11/27/helicobacter-pylori/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure-2.pngFigure 2Figure 2: Function of Urease, adhesion of H. Pylori by BabA/SabA, T4SS secretion of cagA and its function and the function of the autotransporter VacA. https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure-11.jpgFigure 1Figure 1: Ulcer formation caused by Helicobacter pylori infection in human stomach.2015-11-27T18:19:54+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/11/27/clostridium-perfringens/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure21.pngFigure2Figure 2: Image of patient with gas gangrene exhibiting swelling and necrotic blisters, or bullae, caused by the CO2 production within the muscles. Source: Schröpfer et. al. 2008.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure11.pngFigure1Figure 1: An image of Clostridium perfringens under the microscope. They are rod-shaped and stain purple under the gram stain, indicating that this bacteria is Gram positive (has a peptidoglycan layer not surrounded by an outer membrane) . Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2015. 2015-11-27T18:14:26+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/11/27/2015-multidrug-resistant-shigellosis-outbreak-in-the-united-states/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure3.jpgfigure3Figure 3: An image of Shigellosis inducing bacteria. Source: http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2015/p0402-multidrug-resistant-shigellosis.htmlhttps://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure-2.giffigure 2Figure 2: Shigella sonnei infections suspected resistant to ciprofloxacin among 239 individuals, by isolation date and patient international travel history — United States, May 2014–February 2015. Source: Bowen, A., et al. (2015). Importation and Domestic Transmission of Shigella sonnei Resistant to Ciprofloxacin—United States, May 2014–February 2015. MMWR, 64(12), 318-320.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure-1.jpgfigure 1Figure 1: A Timeline of the different kinds of multi-drug resistant Shigellosis isolated in the United States. Source: Ciprofloxacin- and Azithromycin-Nonsusceptible Shigellosis in the United States. (2015, June 4). Source: http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00379.asp2015-11-27T18:03:49+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/11/27/clostridium-tetani/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure2.pngFigure2Figure 2: World map illustrating 38 out of 59 countries who successfully eliminated Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus (MNT) between 2000 and June 2015 as per the Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus (MNT) Elimination initiative launched by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1999. Source: http://www.unicef.org/health/index_43509.html.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure1.pngFigure1Figure 1: Patient suffering from opisthotonos. Severe muscle spasms cause the spine to arch forward while the head and feet arch backward. Source: Public Health Image Library, Centre for Disease Control, 1995. 2015-11-27T17:54:48+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/11/27/leptospira-interrogans/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/leptospirosis-transmission.pngLeptospirosis transmissionFigure 2: Leptospirosis transmission route. Reservoir for L. interrogans transmission include rodents species, wild and domestic animals, as well as contaminated environment. Humans are accidental hosts and do not spread the microorganism in the environment ; they are not reservoirs for transmission. Pathogenic leptospires penetrate wounded skin or mucous membranes, enter the bloodstream and disseminate throughout the body tissue. Adapted from: Ko, A.I., Goarant, C. and Picardeau, M. 2009. Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 7: 736-747. Available from: DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2208 https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/linterrogans.pngLinterrogansFigure 1. Scanning Electron Micrograph of Leptospira interrogans. Two spirochetes are bound to a 0.2-μm filter. Notice the coiling of the cell. Source: CDC/NCID/HIP/Janice Carr, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030302.g001.2015-11-27T14:17:17+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/11/23/brucella-abortus/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure-2-blog-post.jpgFigure 2 Blog postFigure 2: B. abortus mechanism to avoid the host immune system within phagosomes (figure by Christine L. Toma).https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/figure-1-blog-post.jpgFigure 1 Blog postFigure 1: Summary of the major possible transmission routes of B. abortus to humans (figure by Justine Hadrava).2015-11-23T19:01:09+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/11/23/mycoplasma-pneumoniae/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/myoplasma_fig3.pngMyoplasma_Fig3Figure 3 : Basic steps of M. pneumoniae invasion in the respiratory epithelial cells. First, the bacteria docks on the epithelial cell surface by its attachment organelle. It releases toxic molecules that produce a direct injury on the cell. Then, the bacteria crosses the epithelium layer, invade the tissues by entering the blood vessels. Finally, the immune system responds to the entry of the bacteria, resulting in inflammation. Source: http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1003983. https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/mycoplasma_fig2.pngMycoplasma_Fig2Figure 2: Representational drawing of a mobile M. pneumoniae bacteria, showing the main internal and external structures, with a simple cytoplasm, a very small genome, a cell membrane consisting of 3 layers, no cell well. The attachment organelle contains adhesin proteins that allow the bacteria to dock on the host’s membrane.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/mycoplasma_fig1.pngMycoplasma_Fig1Figure 1 : X-ray of a patient's thorax revealing pneumoniae infection on the left lung lob. Source: http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp?pid=58002015-11-23T14:32:33+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/08/13/legionella-pneumophila-2/2015-09-29T17:56:41+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.com/2015/09/29/2012-quebec-city-outbreak-of-legionnaires-disease/https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/cooling-tower.pngCooling towerFigure 2: Typical design of a cooling tower. Hot water (red) is sprayed over a mesh and mixed with air to cool it down. Cold water (blue) is collected in the bottom basin. Biofilms (green) may develop in the system.https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/biofilm.jpgOriginal Title: 998162CFigure 3: Electron transmission micrograph of an artificial biofilm composed of <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, <i>K. pneumoniae</i> and a <i>Flavobacterium sp</i>. Noted the rod-shaped bacterial cells embedded in gel-like substance. Source: Public Health Image Library, Center for Disease Control, Dr. Janice Carr (1999).https://mechpath.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/timeline.jpgtimelineFigure 1: Timeline of the Quebec City outbreak. The green vertical bars represent the number of cases. Key events are also noted. Source: Trudel, L., Veillette, M., Bonifait, L. & Duchaine, C. Management of the 2012 Legionella crisis in Quebec City: need for a better communication between resources and knowledge transfer. Front. Microbio. 5, 182 (2014).2015-09-29T17:22:29+00:00monthlyhttps://mechpath.comdaily1.02023-04-11T14:57:09+00:00